The Coral Gables Times

Thursday, May 4, 1961, page 52 (of 56)

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Gardening 'N Workshop News

now sold each year in America to commercial orchardists and home gardeners. These dwarfs, many no taller than a man, make home orchard husbandry a lazybones gardener's dream. Two dozen of them will thrive for years without crowding each other on a 60 by 100 foot plot. By espaliering them along fences and walls, the amateur orchardist can plant two or three dozen of these amazing horticultural midgets, of all different varieties, in a plot that would support only a dozen mature standard-size trees. Although young dwarfs cost about $1.50 more per tree, they bear sooner, are easier to spray and prune, and can be picked without the aid of a ladder. And they bear luscious and often oversized fruit. In a test made by the Oregon State experimental station, golden delicious dwarf apples, planted 363 trees to the acre, produced twice the average acre yield of standard trees planted 34 to the acre. Unlike the Bisbee Red Delicious, most dwarfs are not natural mutations. Instead, they are literally "built" by hand on an assembly-line basis. There are several techniques. One nurseryman, for example, grows thousands of rootstocks from cuttings of an apple rootstock known as East Malling IX. This is a standardized strain, one of 25 selected and trued up through four decades of work at the noted horticultural experiment station at East Malling, England. It always makes small growth. When each rootstock reaches sapling size, the nurseryman inserts a varietal bud during midsummer. The bud unites with the stock but does not produce new stock until the following spring. At that time the rootstock portion over the bud is cut off. This bud matures eventually into a dwarf tree bearing full-size fruit. Its growth is dwarfed because the root that supports it is really that of a dwarf plant. ANOTHER nurseryman uses a technique called the "Clark System." In Washington State each summer he grows hundreds of thousands of apple seedlings from domestic or French seed sources that have a branched root system. At the end of one year these seedling plants are dug and grafted indoors to a scion of a hardy variety which will serve as the trunk. The grafted seedlings are lined out in the nursery row and grow for one year. The following year a scion of the Clark dwarfing section, a four to five inch section, and a scion of the desired variety such as Golden Delicious is first bench grafted indoors and then taken into the field and this combination graft is then grafted into the hardy trunk growing in the field. (It is the Clark dwarfing section which carries dwarfing genes in its sap that is called the dwarfing sandwich, or stempiece.) They stay in the field for one more season and then they are ready for planting. Thus, each dwarf is an assembly of parts from four trees, all different types. And sometimes more, if the tree wizards decide to bud two or three varieties onto one tree for customers who like to pick Golden Delicious, Starkings, Winesaps or other kinds of apples all from the same midget! This whole process was made possible by the discovery of one bonanza crabapple whose potent genes have turned millions of otherwise normal apple trees into dwarfs. The original tree was a seedling, planted by a sailor who had picked up Continued on page 32 Suburbia Today, May 1961 31

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